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<title data-rh="true">9.29 分表分库 | Furion</title><meta data-rh="true" name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta data-rh="true" property="og:url" content="http://furion.baiqian.ltd/docs/split-db"><meta data-rh="true" property="og:locale" content="en"><meta data-rh="true" name="docusaurus_locale" content="en"><meta data-rh="true" name="docsearch:language" content="en"><meta data-rh="true" name="docusaurus_version" content="current"><meta data-rh="true" name="docusaurus_tag" content="docs-default-current"><meta data-rh="true" name="docsearch:version" content="current"><meta data-rh="true" name="docsearch:docusaurus_tag" content="docs-default-current"><meta data-rh="true" property="og:title" content="9.29 分表分库 | Furion"><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="本章 9.28.2 至 9.28.5 小节挪用博主：雨点的名字 的 分库分表 - 理论 博客内容。特此声明。"><meta data-rh="true" property="og:description" content="本章 9.28.2 至 9.28.5 小节挪用博主：雨点的名字 的 分库分表 - 理论 博客内容。特此声明。"><link data-rh="true" rel="icon" href="/img/favicon.ico"><link data-rh="true" rel="canonical" href="http://furion.baiqian.ltd/docs/split-db"><link data-rh="true" rel="alternate" href="http://furion.baiqian.ltd/docs/split-db" hreflang="en"><link data-rh="true" rel="alternate" href="http://furion.baiqian.ltd/docs/split-db" hreflang="x-default"><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="/blog/rss.xml" title="Furion RSS Feed">
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查询操作</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/docs/dbcontext-hight-query">9.12 高级查询操作</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/docs/dbcontext-view">9.13 视图操作</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/docs/dbcontext-proc">9.14 存储过程操作</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/docs/dbcontext-function">9.15 函数操作</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/docs/dbcontext-sql">9.16 Sql 操作</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/docs/dbcontext-sql-template">9.17 Sql 模板</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/docs/dbcontext-sql-proxy">9.18 Sql 高级代理</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/docs/dbcontext-multi-database">9.19 多种数据库操作 ✨</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/docs/dbcontext-db-first">9.20 数据库生成模型 (Db First)</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/docs/dbcontext-code-first">9.21 模型生成数据库 (Code First)</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/docs/dbcontext-seed-data">9.22 实体种子数据</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/docs/dbcontext-audit">9.23 审计日志 (Audit)</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/docs/dbcontext-filter">9.24 实体/全局查询筛选器</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/docs/dbcontext-Interceptor">9.25 数据库操作拦截器</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/docs/dbcontext-entitytrigger">9.26 实体数据监听器</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/docs/tran">9.27 事务和工作单元 (UnitOfWork)</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/docs/dbcontext-read-write">9.28 读写分离/主从复制</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link menu__link--active" aria-current="page" tabindex="0" href="/docs/split-db">9.29 分表分库</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-2 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" tabindex="0" href="/docs/efcore-recommend">9.30 EFCore 最佳实践</a></li></ul></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist" aria-expanded="false" href="/docs/category/orm">10. SqlSugar 或其他 ORM</a><button aria-label="Expand sidebar category '10. SqlSugar 或其他 ORM'" type="button" class="clean-btn menu__caret"></button></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="/docs/saas">11. SaaS 多租户</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="/docs/dependency-injection">12. 依赖注入/控制反转</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="/docs/object-mapper">13. 对象数据映射 (Mapper)</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="/docs/cache">14. 分布式缓存</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="/docs/auth-control">15. 安全鉴权</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="/docs/cors">16. CORS 跨域</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="/docs/view-engine">17. 视图/模板引擎</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="/docs/logging">18. 日志记录</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="/docs/http">19. 远程请求 (HttpClient)</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="/docs/encryption">20. 数据加解密</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="/docs/local-language">21. 全球化和本地化（多语言）</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="/docs/event-bus">22. 事件总线 (EventBus)</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="/docs/json-serialization">23. JSON 序列化</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="/docs/signalr">24. 即时通讯</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="/docs/process-service">25. 辅助角色服务 (Worker Service)</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-category theme-doc-sidebar-item-category-level-1 menu__list-item menu__list-item--collapsed"><div class="menu__list-item-collapsible"><a class="menu__link menu__link--sublist" aria-expanded="false" href="/docs/category/job">26. 定时任务 (Schedule)</a><button aria-label="Expand sidebar category '26. 定时任务 (Schedule)'" type="button" class="clean-btn menu__caret"></button></div></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="/docs/idgenerator">27. 分布式 ID 生成</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="/docs/module-dev">28. 模块化开发</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="/docs/clayobj">29. 粘土对象</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="/docs/sensitive-detection">30. 脱敏处理</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="/docs/file-provider">31. 虚拟文件系统（上传下载）</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="/docs/sesssion-state">32. 会话和状态管理</a></li><li class="theme-doc-sidebar-item-link theme-doc-sidebar-item-link-level-1 menu__list-item"><a class="menu__link" href="/docs/ipc">33. 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padding-bottom--lg"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_VOVn"><div class="docItemContainer_Djhp"><article><nav class="theme-doc-breadcrumbs breadcrumbsContainer_Z_bl" aria-label="Breadcrumbs"><ul class="breadcrumbs" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><a aria-label="Home page" class="breadcrumbs__link" href="/"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="breadcrumbHomeIcon_YNFT"><path d="M10 19v-5h4v5c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1v-7h1.7c.46 0 .68-.57.33-.87L12.67 3.6c-.38-.34-.96-.34-1.34 0l-8.36 7.53c-.34.3-.13.87.33.87H5v7c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li><li itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumbs__item"><a class="breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="item" href="/docs/category/efcore"><span itemprop="name">9. 数据库操作指南（EFCore）</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li><li itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class="breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="name">9.29 分表分库</span><meta itemprop="position" content="2"></li></ul></nav><div class="tocCollapsible_ETCw theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_TO0P">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><a href="http://github.crmeb.net/u/furion" target="_blank" style="display:block;margin-bottom:20px;text-decoration:none;position:relative;border-radius:5px;overflow:hidden;color:#25c2a0" title="CRMEB 专注开源电商系统研发"><img src="/img/crmeb-spec.jpg" style="display:block;pointer-events:none;max-width:100%"><span style="position:absolute;display:block;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:5;font-size:12px;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.8);padding:0 5px">特别赞助</span></a><header><h1>9.29 分表分库</h1></header><div class="theme-admonition theme-admonition-important admonition_xJq3 alert alert--info"><div class="admonitionHeading_Gvgb"><span class="admonitionIcon_Rf37"><svg viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>特此声明</div><div class="admonitionContent_BuS1"><p>本章 <code>9.28.2</code> 至 <code>9.28.5</code> 小节挪用博主：<a href="https://www.cnblogs.com/qdhxhz/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">雨点的名字</a> 的 <a href="https://www.cnblogs.com/qdhxhz/p/11608222.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">分库分表 - 理论</a> 博客内容。<strong>特此声明。</strong></p></div></div>
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<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="9291-应用场景">9.29.1 应用场景<a href="#9291-应用场景" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 9.29.1 应用场景" title="Direct link to 9.29.1 应用场景"></a></h2>
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<p>数据库中的数据量不一定是可控的，在未进行分库分表的情况下，随着时间和业务的发展，库中的表会越来越多，表中的数据量也会越来越大，相应地，数据操作增删改查的开销也会越来越大。</p>
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<p>另外，由于无法进行分布式部署，而一台服务器的资源（CPU、磁盘、内存、IO 等）是有限的，最终数据库所能承载的数据量、数据处理能力都将遭遇瓶颈。</p>
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<p>这个时候就需要对数据库或数据表进行拆分。</p>
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<p>数据切分可以分为：<code>垂直切分</code> 和 <code>水平切分</code>。</p>
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<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="9292-垂直切分">9.29.2 垂直切分<a href="#9292-垂直切分" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 9.29.2 垂直切分" title="Direct link to 9.29.2 垂直切分"></a></h2>
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<p>垂直切分又可以分为: 垂直分库和垂直分表。</p>
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<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="92921-垂直分库">9.29.2.1 垂直分库<a href="#92921-垂直分库" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 9.29.2.1 垂直分库" title="Direct link to 9.29.2.1 垂直分库"></a></h3>
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<p>根据业务耦合性，将关联度低的不同表存储在不同的数据库。做法与大系统拆分为多个小系统类似，按业务分类进行独立划分。与"微服务治理"的做法相似，每个微服务使用单独的一个数据库。</p>
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<img src="/img/dbsplit1.jpg">
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<div class="theme-admonition theme-admonition-note admonition_xJq3 alert alert--secondary"><div class="admonitionHeading_Gvgb"><span class="admonitionIcon_Rf37"><svg viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.3 5.69a.942.942 0 0 1-.28-.7c0-.28.09-.52.28-.7.19-.18.42-.28.7-.28.28 0 .52.09.7.28.18.19.28.42.28.7 0 .28-.09.52-.28.7a1 1 0 0 1-.7.3c-.28 0-.52-.11-.7-.3zM8 7.99c-.02-.25-.11-.48-.31-.69-.2-.19-.42-.3-.69-.31H6c-.27.02-.48.13-.69.31-.2.2-.3.44-.31.69h1v3c.02.27.11.5.31.69.2.2.42.31.69.31h1c.27 0 .48-.11.69-.31.2-.19.3-.42.31-.69H8V7.98v.01zM7 2.3c-3.14 0-5.7 2.54-5.7 5.68 0 3.14 2.56 5.7 5.7 5.7s5.7-2.55 5.7-5.7c0-3.15-2.56-5.69-5.7-5.69v.01zM7 .98c3.86 0 7 3.14 7 7s-3.14 7-7 7-7-3.12-7-7 3.14-7 7-7z"></path></svg></span>说明</div><div class="admonitionContent_BuS1"><p>一开始我们是单体服务，所以只有一个数据库，所有的表都在这个库里。</p><p>后来因为业务需求,单体服务变成微服务治理。所以将之前的一个商品库，拆分成多个数据库。每个微服务对于一个数据库。</p></div></div>
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<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="92922-垂直分表">9.29.2.2 垂直分表<a href="#92922-垂直分表" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 9.29.2.2 垂直分表" title="Direct link to 9.29.2.2 垂直分表"></a></h3>
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<p>把一个表的多个字段分别拆成多个表，一般按字段的冷热拆分，热字段一个表，冷字段一个表。从而提升了数据库性能。</p>
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<img src="/img/dbsplit2.jpg">
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<div class="theme-admonition theme-admonition-note admonition_xJq3 alert alert--secondary"><div class="admonitionHeading_Gvgb"><span class="admonitionIcon_Rf37"><svg viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.3 5.69a.942.942 0 0 1-.28-.7c0-.28.09-.52.28-.7.19-.18.42-.28.7-.28.28 0 .52.09.7.28.18.19.28.42.28.7 0 .28-.09.52-.28.7a1 1 0 0 1-.7.3c-.28 0-.52-.11-.7-.3zM8 7.99c-.02-.25-.11-.48-.31-.69-.2-.19-.42-.3-.69-.31H6c-.27.02-.48.13-.69.31-.2.2-.3.44-.31.69h1v3c.02.27.11.5.31.69.2.2.42.31.69.31h1c.27 0 .48-.11.69-.31.2-.19.3-.42.31-.69H8V7.98v.01zM7 2.3c-3.14 0-5.7 2.54-5.7 5.68 0 3.14 2.56 5.7 5.7 5.7s5.7-2.55 5.7-5.7c0-3.15-2.56-5.69-5.7-5.69v.01zM7 .98c3.86 0 7 3.14 7 7s-3.14 7-7 7-7-3.12-7-7 3.14-7 7-7z"></path></svg></span>说明</div><div class="admonitionContent_BuS1"><p>一开始商品表中包含商品的所有字段，但是我们发现:</p><p>1.商品详情和商品属性字段较长。2.商品列表的时候我们是不需要显示商品详情和商品属性信息，只有在点进商品商品的时候才会展示商品详情信息。</p><p>所以可以考虑把商品详情和商品属性单独切分一张表，提高查询效率。</p></div></div>
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<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="92923-优缺点">9.29.2.3 优缺点<a href="#92923-优缺点" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 9.29.2.3 优缺点" title="Direct link to 9.29.2.3 优缺点"></a></h3>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>优点</p>
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<ul>
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<li>解决业务系统层面的耦合，业务清晰</li>
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<li>与微服务的治理类似，也能对不同业务的数据进行分级管理、维护、监控、扩展等</li>
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<li>高并发场景下，垂直切分一定程度的提升 IO、数据库连接数、单机硬件资源的瓶颈</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>缺点</p>
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<ul>
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<li>分库后无法 Join，只能通过接口聚合方式解决，提升了开发的复杂度</li>
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<li>分库后分布式事务处理复杂</li>
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<li>依然存在单表数据量过大的问题（需要水平切分）</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="9293-水平切分">9.29.3 水平切分<a href="#9293-水平切分" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 9.29.3 水平切分" title="Direct link to 9.29.3 水平切分"></a></h2>
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<p>当一个应用难以再细粒度的垂直切分或切分后数据量行数巨大，存在单库读写、存储性能瓶颈，这时候就需要进行水平切分了。</p>
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<p>水平 切分也可以分为：水平分库和水平分表。</p>
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<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="92931-水平分库">9.29.3.1 水平分库<a href="#92931-水平分库" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 9.29.3.1 水平分库" title="Direct link to 9.29.3.1 水平分库"></a></h3>
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<p>上面虽然已经把商品库分成 3 个库，但是随着业务的增加一个订单库也出现 QPS 过高，数据库响应速度来不及，一般 mysql 单机也就 1000 左右的 QPS，如果超过 1000 就要考虑分库。</p>
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<img src="/img/dbsplit3.jpg">
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<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="92932-水平分表">9.29.3.2 水平分表<a href="#92932-水平分表" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 9.29.3.2 水平分表" title="Direct link to 9.29.3.2 水平分表"></a></h3>
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<p>一般我们一张表的数据不要超过 1 千万,如果表数据超过 1 千万，并且还在不断增加数据，那就可以考虑分表。</p>
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<img src="/img/dbsplit4.jpg">
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<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="92933-优缺点">9.29.3.3 优缺点<a href="#92933-优缺点" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 9.29.3.3 优缺点" title="Direct link to 9.29.3.3 优缺点"></a></h3>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>优点</p>
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<ul>
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<li>不存在单库数据量过大、高并发的性能瓶颈，提升系统稳定性和负载能力</li>
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<li>应用端改造较小，不需要拆分业务模块</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>缺点</p>
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<ul>
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<li>跨分片的事务一致性难以保证</li>
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<li>跨库的 Join 关联查询性能较差</li>
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<li>数据多次扩展难度和维护量极大</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="9294-数据分片规则">9.29.4 数据分片规则<a href="#9294-数据分片规则" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 9.29.4 数据分片规则" title="Direct link to 9.29.4 数据分片规则"></a></h2>
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<p>我们考虑去水平切分表，将一张表水平切分成多张表，这就涉及到数据分片的规则，比较常见的有：Hash 取模分表、数值 Range 分表、一致性 Hash 算法分表。</p>
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<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="92941-hash-取模分表">9.29.4.1 Hash 取模分表<a href="#92941-hash-取模分表" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 9.29.4.1 Hash 取模分表" title="Direct link to 9.29.4.1 Hash 取模分表"></a></h3>
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<p>一般采用 Hash 取模的切分方式，例如：假设按 goods_id 分 4 张表。（goods_id%4 取整确定表）</p>
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<img src="/img/dbsplit5.jpg">
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<p><strong>优缺点</strong></p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>优点</p>
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<ul>
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<li>数据分片相对比较均匀，不容易出现热点和并发访问的瓶颈。</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>缺点</p>
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<ul>
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<li>后期分片集群扩容时，需要迁移旧的数据很难。</li>
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<li>容易面临跨分片查询的复杂问题。比如上例中，如果频繁用到的查询条件中不带 goods_id 时，将会导致无法定位数据库，从而需要同时向 4 个库发起查询，
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再在内存中合并数据，取最小集返回给应用，分库反而成为拖累。</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="92942-数值-range-分表">9.29.4.2 数值 Range 分表<a href="#92942-数值-range-分表" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 9.29.4.2 数值 Range 分表" title="Direct link to 9.29.4.2 数值 Range 分表"></a></h3>
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<p>按照时间区间或 ID 区间来切分。例如：将 goods_id 为 1-1000 的记录分到第一个表，1000-2000 的分到第二个表，以此类推。</p>
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<img src="/img/dbsplit6.jpg">
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<p><strong>优缺点</strong></p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>优点</p>
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<ul>
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<li>单表大小可控</li>
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<li>天然便于水平扩展，后期如果想对整个分片集群扩容时，只需要添加节点即可，无需对其他分片的数据进行迁移</li>
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<li>使用分片字段进行范围查找时，连续分片可快速定位分片进行快速查询，有效避免跨分片查询的问题。</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>缺点</p>
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<ul>
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<li>热点数据 成为性能瓶颈。
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例如按时间字段分片，有些分片存储最近时间段内的数据，可能会被频繁的读写，而有些分片存储的历史数据，则很少被查询</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="92943-一致性-hash-算法">9.29.4.3 一致性 Hash 算法<a href="#92943-一致性-hash-算法" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 9.29.4.3 一致性 Hash 算法" title="Direct link to 9.29.4.3 一致性 Hash 算法"></a></h3>
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<p>一致性 Hash 算法能很好的解决因为 Hash 取模而产生的分片集群扩容时，需要迁移旧的数据的难题。具体原理可参考 <a href="https://www.cnblogs.com/duhuo/p/4996105.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://www.cnblogs.com/duhuo/p/4996105.html</a></p>
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<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="9295-分库分表带来的问题">9.29.5 分库分表带来的问题<a href="#9295-分库分表带来的问题" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 9.29.5 分库分表带来的问题" title="Direct link to 9.29.5 分库分表带来的问题"></a></h2>
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<p>任何事情都有两面性，分库分表也不例外，如果采用分库分表，会引入新的的问题：</p>
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<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="92951-分布式事务问题">9.29.5.1 分布式事务问题<a href="#92951-分布式事务问题" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 9.29.5.1 分布式事务问题" title="Direct link to 9.29.5.1 分布式事务问题"></a></h3>
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<p>使用分布式事务中间件解决，具体是通过最终一致性还是强一致性分布式事务，看业务需求，这里就不多说。</p>
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<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="92952-跨节点关联查询-join-问题">9.29.5.2 跨节点关联查询 Join 问题<a href="#92952-跨节点关联查询-join-问题" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 9.29.5.2 跨节点关联查询 Join 问题" title="Direct link to 9.29.5.2 跨节点关联查询 Join 问 题"></a></h3>
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<p>切分之前，我们可以通过 Join 来完成。而切分之后，数据可能分布在不同的节点上，此时 Join 带来的问题就比较麻烦了，考虑到性能，尽量避免使用 Join 查询。</p>
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<p>解决这个问题的一些方法：</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>全局表</strong></li>
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</ul>
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<p>全局表，也可看做是 "数据字典表"，就是系统中所有模块都可能依赖的一些表，为了避免跨库 Join 查询，可以将 这类表在每个数据库中都保存一份。这些数据通常很少会进行修改，所以也不担心一致性的问题。</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>字段冗余</strong></li>
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</ul>
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<p>利用空间换时间，为了性能而避免 join 查询。例：订单表保存 userId 时候,也将 userName 冗余保存一份，这样查询订单详情时就不需要再去查询"买家 user 表"了。</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>数据组装</strong></li>
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</ul>
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<p>在系统层面，分两次查询。第一次查询的结果集中找出关联数据 id，然后根据 id 发起第二次请求得到关联数据。最后将获得到的数据进行字段拼装。</p>
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<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="92953-跨节点分页排序函数问题">9.29.5.3 跨节点分页、排序、函数问题<a href="#92953-跨节点分页排序函数问题" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 9.29.5.3 跨节点分页、排序、函数问题" title="Direct link to 9.29.5.3 跨节点分页、排序、函数问题"></a></h3>
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<p>跨节点多库进行查询时，会出现 Limit 分页、Order by 排序等问题。分页需要按照指定字段进行排序，当排序字段就是分片字段时，通过分片规则就比较容易定位到指定的分片；</p>
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<p>当排序字段非分片字段时，就变得比较复杂了。需要先在不同的分片节点中将数据进行排序并返回，然后将不同分片返回的结果集进行汇总和再次排序，最终返回给用户。</p>
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<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="92954-全局主键避重问题">9.29.5.4 全局主键避重问题<a href="#92954-全局主键避重问题" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 9.29.5.4 全局主键避重问题" title="Direct link to 9.29.5.4 全局主键避重问题"></a></h3>
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<p>如果都用主键自增肯定不合理，如果用 UUID 那么无法做到根据主键排序，所以我们可以考虑通过<a href="https://www.cnblogs.com/qdhxhz/p/11372658.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">雪花 ID</a> 来作为数据库的主键，</p>
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<h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="92955-数据迁移问题">9.29.5.5 数据迁移问题<a href="#92955-数据迁移问题" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 9.29.5.5 数据迁移问题" title="Direct link to 9.29.5.5 数据迁移问题"></a></h3>
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<p>采用双写的方式，修改代码，所有涉及到分库分表的表的增、删、改的代码，都要对新库进行增删改。同时，再有一个数据抽取服务，不断地从老库抽数据，往新库写，</p>
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<p>边写边按时间比较数据是不是最新的。</p>
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<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="9296-如何实现">9.29.6 如何实现<a href="#9296-如何实现" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 9.29.6 如何实现" title="Direct link to 9.29.6 如何实现"></a></h2>
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<div class="theme-admonition theme-admonition-caution admonition_xJq3 alert alert--warning"><div class="admonitionHeading_Gvgb"><span class="admonitionIcon_Rf37"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>特别说明</div><div class="admonitionContent_BuS1"><p>由于分表分库不仅仅需要内置代码的支持，同时还需要集成数据库中间件，这里推荐 <code>MyCat</code> 中间件。<a href="http://www.mycat.org.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">MyCat 官方网站</a></p></div></div>
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<p><code>Furion</code> 框架中提供了轻量级的 <code>分表分库</code> 支持：</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>动态切换数据库</strong></li>
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</ul>
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<div class="language-cs codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#bfc7d5;--prism-background-color:#292d3e"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-cs codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="color:#bfc7d5;background-color:#292d3e"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv codeBlockLinesWithNumbering_o6Pm"><span class="token-line codeLine_lJS_" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="codeLineNumber_Tfdd"></span><span class="codeLineContent_feaV"><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(105, 112, 152);font-style:italic">// 直接改变数据库</span><span class="token plain"></span></span><br></span><span class="token-line codeLine_lJS_" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="codeLineNumber_Tfdd"></span><span class="codeLineContent_feaV"><span class="token plain">repository</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">.</span><span class="token function" style="color:rgb(130, 170, 255)">ChangeDatabase</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(195, 232, 141)">"数据库连接字符串"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">;</span><span class="token plain"></span></span><br></span><span class="token-line codeLine_lJS_" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="codeLineNumber_Tfdd"></span><span class="codeLineContent_feaV"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span></span><br></span><span class="token-line codeLine_lJS_" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="codeLineNumber_Tfdd"></span><span class="codeLineContent_feaV"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(105, 112, 152);font-style:italic">// 通过数据库上下文定位器切换</span><span class="token plain"></span></span><br></span><span class="token-line codeLine_lJS_" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="codeLineNumber_Tfdd"></span><span class="codeLineContent_feaV"><span class="token plain">repository</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">.</span><span class="token generic-method function" style="color:rgb(130, 170, 255)">Change</span><span class="token generic-method generic class-name punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)"><</span><span class="token generic-method generic class-name" style="color:rgb(255, 203, 107)">Entity</span><span class="token generic-method generic class-name punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token generic-method generic class-name" style="color:rgb(255, 203, 107)"> MyDbContextLocator2</span><span class="token generic-method generic class-name punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">;</span></span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
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<p>如需跨库查询，需用到数据库技术，如 <code>SqlServer</code> 链接服务器或同义词。</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>动态切换数据库表</strong></li>
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</ul>
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<p>第一步、配置数据库上下文特性<code>[AppDbContext( Mode=DbContextMode.Dynamic)]</code></p>
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<p>第二步、需要动态修改表名的实体继承 <code>IEntityMutableTable<TEntity></code> 接口，并实现 <code>GetTableName()</code> 返回表名方法</p>
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<p>最后通过 <code>BuildChange<TEntity></code> 切换即可。</p>
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<div class="language-cs codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#bfc7d5;--prism-background-color:#292d3e"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-cs codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="color:#bfc7d5;background-color:#292d3e"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv codeBlockLinesWithNumbering_o6Pm"><span class="token-line codeLine_lJS_" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="codeLineNumber_Tfdd"></span><span class="codeLineContent_feaV"><span class="token keyword" style="font-style:italic">var</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token plain">rep</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"> scoped</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(137, 221, 255)">=</span><span class="token plain"> repository</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">.</span><span class="token generic-method function" style="color:rgb(130, 170, 255)">BuildChange</span><span class="token generic-method generic class-name punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)"><</span><span class="token generic-method generic class-name" style="color:rgb(255, 203, 107)">Persion</span><span class="token generic-method generic class-name punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">;</span></span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
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<p>调用 <code>BuildChange</code> 方法之后会自动调用 <code>GetTableName()</code> 方法。</p>
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<div class="theme-admonition theme-admonition-note admonition_xJq3 alert alert--secondary"><div class="admonitionHeading_Gvgb"><span class="admonitionIcon_Rf37"><svg viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.3 5.69a.942.942 0 0 1-.28-.7c0-.28.09-.52.28-.7.19-.18.42-.28.7-.28.28 0 .52.09.7.28.18.19.28.42.28.7 0 .28-.09.52-.28.7a1 1 0 0 1-.7.3c-.28 0-.52-.11-.7-.3zM8 7.99c-.02-.25-.11-.48-.31-.69-.2-.19-.42-.3-.69-.31H6c-.27.02-.48.13-.69.31-.2.2-.3.44-.31.69h1v3c.02.27.11.5.31.69.2.2.42.31.69.31h1c.27 0 .48-.11.69-.31.2-.19.3-.42.31-.69H8V7.98v.01zM7 2.3c-3.14 0-5.7 2.54-5.7 5.68 0 3.14 2.56 5.7 5.7 5.7s5.7-2.55 5.7-5.7c0-3.15-2.56-5.69-5.7-5.69v.01zM7 .98c3.86 0 7 3.14 7 7s-3.14 7-7 7-7-3.12-7-7 3.14-7 7-7z"></path></svg></span>了解更多</div><div class="admonitionContent_BuS1"><p>想了解更多 <code>DynamicModelCacheKeyFactory</code> 知识可查阅 <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/ef/core/modeling/dynamic-model" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">EF Core - 多个模型之间交替</a> 章节。</p></div></div>
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<h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="9297-反馈与建议">9.29.7 反馈与建议<a href="#9297-反馈与建议" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 9.29.7 反馈与建议" title="Direct link to 9.29.7 反馈与建议"></a></h2>
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style="display:block;position:relative" title="了解 dotNET China 组织"><img src="/img/chinadotnet.png" style="display:block;width:90%;margin:0 auto"></a><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#9291-应用场景" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">9.29.1 应用场景</a></li><li><a href="#9292-垂直切分" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">9.29.2 垂直切分</a><ul><li><a href="#92921-垂直分库" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">9.29.2.1 垂直分库</a></li><li><a href="#92922-垂直分表" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">9.29.2.2 垂直分表</a></li><li><a href="#92923-优缺点" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">9.29.2.3 优缺点</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#9293-水平切分" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">9.29.3 水平切分</a><ul><li><a href="#92931-水平分库" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">9.29.3.1 水平分库</a></li><li><a href="#92932-水平分 表" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">9.29.3.2 水平分表</a></li><li><a href="#92933-优缺点" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">9.29.3.3 优缺点</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#9294-数据分片规则" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">9.29.4 数据分片规则</a><ul><li><a href="#92941-hash-取模分表" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">9.29.4.1 Hash 取模分表</a></li><li><a href="#92942-数值-range-分表" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">9.29.4.2 数值 Range 分表</a></li><li><a href="#92943-一致性-hash-算法" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">9.29.4.3 一致性 Hash 算法</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#9295-分库分表带来的问题" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">9.29.5 分库分表带来的问题</a><ul><li><a href="#92951-分布式事务问题" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">9.29.5.1 分布式事务问题</a></li><li><a href="#92952-跨节点关联查询-join-问题" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">9.29.5.2 跨节点关联查询 Join 问题</a></li><li><a href="#92953-跨节点分页排序函数问题" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">9.29.5.3 跨节点分页、排序、函数问题</a></li><li><a href="#92954-全局主键避重问题" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">9.29.5.4 全局主键避重问题</a></li><li><a href="#92955-数据迁移问题" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">9.29.5.5 数据迁移问题</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#9296-如何实现" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">9.29.6 如何实现</a></li><li><a href="#9297-反馈与建议" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">9.29.7 反馈与建议</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></main></div></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container container-fluid"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><div class="footer__title">文档</div><ul class="footer__items clean-list"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/docs/category/getstart">入门</a></li><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/docs/category/appendix">手册</a></li></ul></div><div class="col footer__col"><div class="footer__title">社区</div><ul class="footer__items clean-list"><li class="footer__item"><a href="https://gitee.com/dotnetchina/Furion/issues" target="_blank" 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